Cada vez que tomamos el sol, asumimos un riesgo. La piel se daña debido a la incidencia de los rayos solares y la famosa radiación ultravioleta (UV) que dan lugar a distintas afecciones; desde afecciones de la piel como arrugas, manchas, tono desigual de la piel, piel flácida, rojeces o, incluso quemaduras, a problemas de salud a largo plazo como el cáncer de piel o problemas de visión.
La radiación ultravioleta, es una pequeña proporción de los rayos solares, pero es la causa de los principales problemas de la incidencia del sol en la piel. Principalmente existen tres tipos de rayos UV: UVA, UVB y UVC.
¿Cuándo nos afectan más los rayos ultravioleta?
El grado de exposición a la luz ultravioleta (UV) depende de la intensidad de los rayos, del tiempo de exposición al sol y del cuidado y protección que se le haya aplicado durante esa exposición al sol. Así, por ejemplo, sabemos que los rayos UV son más potentes entre 10 a.m. y 4 p.m.; por lo que los expertos recomiendan limitar la exposición durante estas horas del día.
No podemos fiarnos de los días nublados porque en ocasiones ayudan a reducir los rayos UV que recibimos, en otros casos (según el tipo de nube) puede incluso reflectar los rayos y aumentar el riesgo de la exposición. De hecho, esto está muy relacionado también con los reflejos, ya que algunas superficies pueden hacer que los rayos ultravioleta reboten en el suelo y sigan incidiendo sobre nosotros, como en el caso del agua, la nieve o, incluso la hierba y el pavimento de las grandes ciudades.
Del mismo modo, son más potentes en primavera y verano que en otoño o invierno, aunque si estuviésemos cerca del ecuador realmente habría menos diferencia que si nos vamos a uno de los polos. Así, cuanto más lejos del ecuador de la Tierra en latitud, menor incidencia UV. Sin embargo, la altitud también es importante, ya que cuando más alto sea el nivel del terreno también habrá mayor incidencia de radiación ultravioleta.
Qué son los UVA
Los rayos UVA de la radiación solar son responsables del envejecimiento de las células de la piel y pueden dañar el ADN provocando daños definitivos en ella. Precisamente, estos rayos son muy conocidos porque los rayos UVA de la radiación solar están asociados con daños de la piel a largo plazo como las arrugas que comentábamos; además de existir estudios que lo relacionan con algunos tipos de cáncer.
De hecho, la mayoría de las cabinas bronceadoras emiten grandes cantidades de UVA para conseguir el bronceado de la piel y, en la actualidad, se estudia su relación con el aumento de riesgo de cáncer de piel.
Qué son los UVB
Los rayos UVB poseen menor energía que los rayos UVA, pero son los responsables de la mayoría de las quemaduras provocadas por el sol. Así, tienen una relación directa con el ADN celular de la piel y son tan agresivos con nuestro cuerpo que se cree que son los principales responsables de la mayor parte de los cánceres de la piel (aunque actualmente es un tema que se está estudiando a fondo).
Cuando hay un daño en la piel por UVB no podemos saber a corto plazo el nivel de daño celular creado, ya que los efectos, más allá de la rojez o el pelado de la piel, se producen a largo plazo.
Qué son los UVC
A pesar de ser el tipo de radiación ultravioleta menos conocidos por el gran público, en realidad poseen más energía que las anteriores. La diferencia está en que la atmósfera suele filtrarlos, de forma que no suelen llegar a la tierra y no inciden sobre nuestra piel de forma directa.
¿Cómo proteger la piel de los rayos UVA y UVB?
En primer lugar, es interesante reducir al máximo posible las horas de exposición solar y evitar las horas y momentos del día donde la radicación es mayor. Para proteger la piel, se deben utilizar cremas con protección solar que puede ser física o química. A saber:
- Protección física: protección que forma una capa que cubre la piel como un escudo de forma que refleja la luz ultravioleta, evitando que llegue a penetrar en la piel. Los protectores solares con protección física suelen incluir activos como el dióxido de titanio o el óxido de zinc.
- Protección química: este tipo de protección solar absorbe la luz ultravioleta antes de que dañe la piel. En este caso, los productos con protección química suelen avocar por activos como avobenzona o benzofenona (oxibenzona).
En cualquier caso, normalmente los protectores solares suelen combinar los dos tipos para una protección más completa. Por otro lado, si bien a mayor SPF tendremos mayor bloqueo solar, es importante tener en cuenta que debemos aplicar la cantidad adecuada de protección solar y renovarla a medida que pasa el día. ¿Sabías que solo para el rostro sería necesario utilizar como una cucharadita de café para realmente cubrir bien la piel? Se estima que debe utilizarse unos 2mg de crema por cada 2 cm de piel. Esto es independiente del SPF que contenga la crema.
Para calcular el tiempo que nos protege una crema solar de la radiación ultravioleta, debemos multiplicar el SPF del producto por el tiempo en minutos que habitualmente tardamos en quemarnos cuando no tenemos protección puesta. Incluso sin baño o sin roces de toalla, pasado este tiempo se debe reaplicar la crema para mantener la protección; especialmente en el caso de la protección química.
16 respuestas a «¿Cómo te afectan los Rayos Ultravioleta? Hablamos de SPF, UVA y UVB»
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