Con los excesos del sol en verano, es importante prestar atención a los síntomas que muestra la piel para evitar el desarrollo de melanomas. Diferenciar el melanoma de otras alteraciones cutáneas no malignas puede ayudarte a mejorar la calidad de la piel y prevenir este tipo de cáncer.
El melanoma es una neoplasia maligna cada vez más frecuente por desgracia. Según diversos estudios, en el mundo se diagnostican 160.000 casos anuales, de estos casos 3.600 son pertenecientes de España. Debemos tener en cuenta que se trata de una enfermedad potencialmente curable si se trata a tiempo, por lo que la identificación, detección y tratamiento precoz va a ser básico para combatir los melanomas.
Se pueden desarrollar en cualquier parte de la piel, pero son más frecuentes en cuello, rostro o manos; aunque es también común en el pecho y espalda de hombres y en las piernas de mujeres.
¿Qué es el melanoma?
El melanoma es un tipo de cáncer de piel que se origina en los melanocitos. Representa el 1,5% de los tumores en ambos sexos. Se sabe que afecta según el fenotipo, de forma que hay mayor incidencia en personas de piel blanca o poco pigmentada, así como con ojos claros o pelo rubio.
Dado que puede evolucionar como formas de lunares, la presencia de nevus inofensivos deben controlarse porque con el tiempo pueden volverse malignos. Así, en sus inicios puede ser similar a un lunar e ir evolucionando en base a factores biológicos, genéticos o ambientales, entre otros.
Por ejemplo, se deben estudiar los antecedentes familiares, ya que puede aumentar el riesgo en hasta 12 veces respecto a una persona sin antecedentes. También puede verse potenciado por un sistema inmunológico debilitado, como en el caso de personas tratadas con fármacos inmunosupresores.
Entre los factores ambientales que afectan al desarrollo del melanosoma son variados, pero principalmente se desarrolla por el efecto de la radiación solar. De esta forma, personas que han sufrido quemaduras solares severas (como aquellas con ampollas) en las primeras décadas de vida tienden a favorecer el desarrollo del melanoma.
¿Cómo prevenir un melanoma?
Los melanomas se desarrollan por muchos motivo, pero evitar las radiaciones ultravioletas es fundamental para controlar el desarrollo del cáncer de melanoma.
Con este cáncer de melanoma las células del melanoma continúan produciendo melanina de modo que los tumores tipo melanoma suelen ser de color café o negro. Por ello, algunos melanomas pueden confundirse con manchas marrones inofensivas, por lo que ante cualquier mancha es importante observar que no se trate de un cáncer. En otras ocasiones, los melanomas no producen melanina su aspecto es de color rosado, pálido o blancuzco.
También es importante controlar los lunares para detectar posibles cambios en su aspecto. Dentro de la auto-exploración, debemos recordar la regla ABCDE para observar la evolución de los lunares.
- A: asimetría del lunar.
- B: bordes irregulares, desiguales, pocos definidos, dentados.
- C: color no uniforme, incluyendo sombras marrones o negras o manchas rosadas, azules o blancas.
- D: diámetro de más de 6 mm de ancho.
- E: evolución del tamaño, forma, color…
Además del auto-chequeo mensual, la American Cáncer Society recomienda que las personas mayores de 40 años deban realizar un control de la piel profesional anualmente, mientras las personas entre 20-40 años cada tres años.
Los tratamientos ante el melanoma pueden variar según el caso, pero el dermatólogo puede optar por recomendar cirugía, quimioterapia o terapia biológica como regla general.
14 respuestas a «¿Cómo identificar un melanoma?»
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